The seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table – An increased yield is one of the primary goals of plant breeding. Pod number and related traits such as seed size and powdery mildew resistance are determined through complex genetic mechanisms.
Parental genotypes varied considerably and we evaluated six crosses in pod number characteristics. Out of all six crosses developed, Cr7 x Com1 proved superior as this trait.
Materials and Methods seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
Mean and standard deviation (SD) are two statistical measures used to evaluate genotype performance and highlight variability, helping researchers identify high-performing varieties. By understanding genotype performance through these indicators, breeders can develop high yield and resilient crops that meet global demands.
A randomized complete block design experiment was carried out over two cropping years on ten sunflower genotypes grown in Karaj, Birjand, Firoozabad and Arak regions of Iran. Results demonstrated significant genotype x trait interactions as well as genotype x environment interactions. seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
Use of a GGE biplot polygon diagram allowed genotypes to be organized based on traits studied. For instance, in Arak region genotypes were divided into four groups according to studied traits: first Zargol and Azargol genotypes were divided into one group; next came SHF81-90 Master genotypes followed by Favorite Progress Favorite Armaverski Gabur. Genotypes closer to the center of polygon were more suitable to certain environments such as G69 recommended for environment E3. Genotypes nearer the center had less adaption or needed more diverse environmental conditions to thrive in.
Results seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
Mean and standard deviation (SD) tables offer data trends in an easily understandable format, making it simpler for analysts to evaluate genotype performance. They also make comparisons among genotypes easier, helping identify those most suitable to particular environments. seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
In this study, peduncle length varied among parental genotypes and their six crosses produced during F1 and F2 generations. Of the parental genotypes examined here, ‘Cr7’ produced the highest number of peduncles with 48.9 being its maximum value while AI produced less.
Seed weight was another significant difference among parental genotypes and their F1 and F2 generations of crosses; Cr7 cv produced the most seeds per pod while ‘Com1’ and ‘D331’ had lower weight seeds.
Principal component analysis revealed that most quantitative traits studied are positively and significantly correlated, but one trait had the biggest impact on yield: number of seed head -1 followed by plant height, stem diameter and peduncle length; this may have an indirect effect on seed yield.
Discussion seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
In the present study, 85 field pea genotypes were evaluated for various quantitative traits. Results demonstrated substantial genetic variation, and could be classified into five clusters using dendrogram and heatmap-oriented cluster analysis; these clusters consisted of high yielding genotypes such as BFP77; low yielding ones included BFP50, BFP69 53 47 40.
The seed weight varied among parental genotypes and F1 and F2 crosses. Seeds in F1 crosses ranged in weight from 0.9 g for Cr7 x AI crosses to 2.0 g in Col x Com1 crosses; none of the crosses outshone parent variety “Com1.” seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
Genotype diversity and performance are crucial in understanding plant diversity and adaptability, and allow researchers and agriculturists to develop better crop varieties. Mean and standard deviation tables simplify data analysis, making it easier for researchers to spot trends in genotype performance; this method of representing data plays a significant role in global food security advancement.
Candidate Genes for Seed Weight in Soybean
Seed size and shape is a critical phenotype in soybean, playing an integral part in its yield as well as quality specialty soybean products such as tofu, natto, miso and edamame. Unfortunately, little information exists on its genetic basis for seed weight in this species. Therefore, we conducted this research using two F2 and F2:3 mapping populations developed from crossing between vegetable type (AGS 457) and seed type soybean SKAF 148 for this cross. In these populations we identified stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes for HSW in soybean.
QTL mapping and LD analysis revealed numerous genomic regions associated with seed size and shape in soybean. One such stable QTL located on Chromosome 11/12 was linked with high HSW levels in this crop. seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
Based on gene function annotation, gene ontology annotation (GO), pathway analysis, gene expression data and related literature analysis, 11 candidate genes were predicted to regulate HSW in soybean. Four hub genes (Glyma06g44510, Glyma08g06420, Glyma12g33280 and Glyma19g28070) were identified through co-expression network integration; all four showed higher expression in seeds of high HSW genotypes at R5 stage when compared with low HSW genotypes except Glyma12g33280 which showed higher expression levels compared with low HSW genotypes at R5 stage.
Phenotypic Variation and QTL Analysis
Phenotypic variation and QTL analysis are integral parts of improving crops genetically. A mean provides a baseline for comparisons among genotypes while standard deviation highlights variability and allows researchers to identify top performing varieties. seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
QTL mapping can identify markers associated with a trait and reduce background variance by uncovering unaccounted-for marker-trait associations that do not fit within an experimental design’s constraints. Unfortunately, however, much of the variance seen from QTL scan results is caused by genetic segregation within and among genotypes; composite interval mapping (CIM), an efficient statistical method that uses regression analyses to estimate expected LOD scores before selecting subset of markers with higher estimated effects may help.
This study demonstrated a large degree of variability in seed head and related traits despite having high heritability, with many QTL identified being pleiotropic; one such trait being tied both seed per pod yield and biomass yield.
Novel Genetic Loci for Seed Size in Soybean
Seed size and shape is an integral trait that influences yield and quality in soybean. Furthermore, seed size plays a pivotal role in specialty soy foods, such as tofu, natto, miso and edamame production. Recognizing stable QTLs associated with desirable seed sizes and shapes has proven difficult due to limited mapping populations and low genetic map densities.
This study used an F2:3 mapping population to identify QTLs responsible for seed size and shape regulation in soybean plants. A total of 42 QTLs were mapped, five being considered major QTLs that explained from 3.11% to 10.8% of variance among 13 chromosomes in these soybean plants.
Results demonstrated that QTL qSL-10-1 on Chromome 4 simultaneously controlled seed length and width while QTL q100SW-13-1 regulated 100-seed weight. SW9-1T/C proved a highly reliable QTL that significantly affected 100-seed weight in different environments; suggesting its role in controlling seed size and shape regulation.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Variance in cowpea
Cowpea is one of the most essential crops cultivated in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to its multiple uses as food, feed, and soil health promoter. Therefore, developing superior genotypes with farmer-preferred traits that provide nutritional benefit is integral for increasing crop productivity and food security in SSA.
We evaluated elite cowpea genotypes for various phenotypic descriptors, such as seed length and width, number of seeds per pod, plant height, peduncle length and seed weight. Most genotypes exhibited large variation; however, for number of seeds per pod there was both a significant direct path coefficient and moderate genetic advance observed. seed heads genotype variety mean max sd table
We conducted extensive broad sense and narrow sense heritability estimates on various agronomic traits and components, such as grain yield. High heritability estimates signify a large genetic component for each trait which could be exploited in future breeding programs to improve performance of cowpea genotypes across different climatic zones; however, cooking time had lower heritability estimates than most agronomic traits.
